Typhoid Mary

Typhoid Mary Mallon, presently known as Typhoid Mary, appeared to be a sound lady when a wellbeing assessor thumped on her entryway in 1907, yet she was the reason for a few typhoid flare-ups. Since Mary was the first â€Å"healthy carrier† of typhoid fever in the United States, she didn't see how somebody not wiped out could spread sickness †so she attempted to retaliate. After a preliminary and afterward a short run from wellbeing authorities, Typhoid Mary was recovered and compelled to live in relative segregation upon North Brother Island off New York.You can getâ typhoid feverâ if you eat food or drink refreshments that have been taken care of by an individual who is sheddingâ typhoid fever bacteria (Salmonella typhi),â or if sewage debased with typhoidâ fever microscopic organisms gets into the water you use for drinking or washing food. In this manner, typhoid fever is progressively regular in territories of the existence where hand washing is less successiv e and where water is probably going to be defiled with sewage. Once Salmonella typhiâ bacteria are ingested, they duplicate and spread into the circulation system. The body responds with fever and other symptoms.Typhoid fever is regularly brought about by the Salmonella typhi microscopic organisms. Contamination of Salmonella typhiâ leads to the improvement of typhoid fever. This malady is portrayed by the unexpected beginning of a continued and foundational fever, extreme migraine, sickness, and loss of hunger. Different side effects incorporate stoppage or loose bowels, extension of the spleen, conceivable advancement of meningitis, or potentially broad wretchedness. Untreated typhoid fever cases bring about death rates running from 12-30% while rewarded cases take into account 99% endurance. S. yphiâ has a blend of attributes that make it a powerful pathogen. This species contains an endotoxin commonplace of Gram negative life forms, just as the Vi antigen which is thoug ht to build destructiveness. It likewise delivers and discharges a protein known as â€Å"invasin† that permits non-phagocytic cells to take up the bacterium, where it can live intracellularly. It is likewise ready to restrain the oxidative eruption of leukocytes, making natural safe reaction inadequate. Mary conveyed the malady inside her and she gave the Typhoid to others yet stayed away from the sickness herself.When she passed on a post-mortem discovered proof of live typhoid microscopic organisms in her gallbladder. They feel that the microbes was given to her by mother when she was pregnant with Mary, as her mom had Typhoid fever while pregnant. The general course for the Typhoid Bacillus' entrance is through the digestion tracts and into the Enteric segment of the Immune System. It really becomes inside the White Blood Cells. Obviously the microscopic organisms by one way or another entered and developed in Mary's framework without making her sick.It never inspired the standard invulnerable responses so it was never murdered by the insusceptible framework. As such it was consistently present in her mouth and throat so she was basically a mobile Petrie Dish. Mary Mallon, known as â€Å"Typhoid Mary†, was an asymptomatic transporter ofâ typhoid fever. She filled in as a cook for a few families in New York City toward the start of the twentieth century. A few instances of typhoid fever in individuals from those families were followed to her by the Health Department. It gave the idea that she â€Å"carried† the irresistible operator without turning out to be sick.There was at the time no chance to get of destroying the ailment, and an endeavor was made to limit her from proceeding to function as a cook to abstain from spreading it to other people. As I would see it, Mary's treatment was fitting since Mary had gone about as a human transporter of the malady. At the point when she arranged a feast, the germs were washed andâ rubbedâ fr om her fingers into the food. Despite the fact that Mallon stayed a danger to general wellbeing since she despite everything held the ailment and on the grounds that she would not acknowledge that she was a bearer, a few people felt Mallon was being detained unfairly.Her case was contended fruitlessly under the watchful eye of the state incomparable court, which found that the Health Department had great motivation to keep Mallon in guardianship, in spite of the fact that the appointed authority communicated compassion toward Mallon's circumstance. Following her subsequent catch, Mallon spent an incredible remainder at Riverside Hospital, the greater part her life having been spent limited on the island. After a progression of little strokes, she endured a significant stroke in 1932 that left herâ paralyzedâ andâ bedriddenâ until November 11, 1938, when she passed on. Typhoid Mary Typhoid Mary Mallon, presently known as Typhoid Mary, appeared to be a solid lady when a wellbeing monitor thumped on her entryway in 1907, yet she was the reason for a few typhoid flare-ups. Since Mary was the first â€Å"healthy carrier† of typhoid fever in the United States, she didn't see how somebody not wiped out could spread malady †so she attempted to retaliate. After a preliminary and afterward a short run from wellbeing authorities, Typhoid Mary was recovered and compelled to live in relative separation upon North Brother Island off New York.You can getâ typhoid feverâ if you eat food or drink refreshments that have been taken care of by an individual who is sheddingâ typhoid fever bacteria (Salmonella typhi),â or if sewage defiled with typhoidâ fever microscopic organisms gets into the water you use for drinking or washing food. In this way, typhoid fever is increasingly basic in regions of the existence where hand washing is less continuous and where wa ter is probably going to be polluted with sewage. Once Salmonella typhiâ bacteria are ingested, they increase and spread into the circulation system. The body responds with fever and other symptoms.Typhoid fever is frequently brought about by the Salmonella typhi microbes. Disease of Salmonella typhiâ leads to the improvement of typhoid fever. This sickness is portrayed by the unexpected beginning of a supported and foundational fever, serious migraine, queasiness, and loss of hunger. Different manifestations incorporate clogging or looseness of the bowels, extension of the spleen, conceivable advancement of meningitis, as well as general misery. Untreated typhoid fever cases bring about death rates extending from 12-30% while rewarded cases take into consideration 99% endurance. S. yphiâ has a blend of attributes that make it a powerful pathogen. This species contains an endotoxin run of the mill of Gram negative creatures, just as the Vi antigen which is thought to build destructiveness. It likewise delivers and discharges a protein known as â€Å"invasin† that permits non-phagocytic cells to take up the bacterium, where it can live intracellularly. It is additionally ready to hinder the oxidative explosion of leukocytes, making inborn insusceptible reaction ineffectual. Mary conveyed the ailment inside her and she gave the Typhoid to others yet stayed away from the illness herself.When she passed on a post-mortem examination discovered proof of live typhoid microorganisms in her gallbladder. They feel that the microscopic organisms was given to her by mother when she was pregnant with Mary, as her mom had Typhoid fever while pregnant. The general course for the Typhoid Bacillus' entrance is through the digestion tracts and into the Enteric bit of the Immune System. It really becomes inside the White Blood Cells. Obviously the microscopic organisms some way or another entered and developed in Mary's framework without making her sick.It never evoked the typical invulnerable responses so it was never murdered by the insusceptible framework. As such it was consistently present in her mouth and throat so she was basically a mobile Petrie Dish. Mary Mallon, known as â€Å"Typhoid Mary†, was an asymptomatic transporter ofâ typhoid fever. She filled in as a cook for a few families in New York City toward the start of the twentieth century. A few instances of typhoid fever in individuals from those families were followed to her by the Health Department. It created the impression that she â€Å"carried† the irresistible operator without turning out to be sick.There was at the time no chance to get of destroying the illness, and an endeavor was made to confine her from proceeding to fill in as a cook to abstain from spreading it to other people. As I would like to think, Mary's treatment was suitable in light of the fact that Mary had gone about as a human bearer of the sickness. At the point when she arranged a su pper, the germs were washed andâ rubbedâ from her fingers into the food. Despite the fact that Mallon stayed a danger to general wellbeing since she despite everything held the illness and in light of the fact that she wouldn't acknowledge that she was a transporter, a few people felt Mallon was being detained unfairly.Her case was contended ineffectively under the watchful eye of the state preeminent court, which found that the Health Department had great aim to keep Mallon in guardianship, in spite of the fact that the adjudicator communicated compassion toward Mallon's circumstance. Following her subsequent catch, Mallon spent an incredible remainder at Riverside Hospital, the greater part her life having been spent limited on the island. After a progression of little strokes, she endured a significant stroke in 1932 that left herâ paralyzedâ andâ bedriddenâ until November 11, 1938, when she kicked the bucket.

Different attitudes to war Essay

Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen are artists who battled for England in the First World War. The two artists portray a similar subject of war, however through various perspectives and sentiments. Regardless of them relating to the likewise themed subject, their language and tone conjure differentiating emotions in perusers and influences their impression of war in inverse manners. Instances of these distinctions can be found in the two sonnets by Rupert Brook ‘The Dead (iii) and ‘The Soldier’ and two by Wilfred Owen ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ and ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’. Rupert Brooke composes ‘The Dead (iii)’ in a very loose and sentimental disposition. Brooke had not experienced war, so in light of this the sonnet appears to be exceptionally clear and succinct. Brooke plans to show us the greatness that is realized by passing on for your nation. He believes that war is a basic and noble aim. He intends to make us progressively energetic and persuade us to bite the dust for our nation in war. The primary line is extremely fiery and euphoric for a frightful subject, for example, war. This may imply that Brooke attempts to represent eagerness and brilliance. Since cornets are utilized at an amazing event, yet in addition militarily charges and withdraws he might be attempting to demonstrate that perishing for your nation is a great method to take your life. â€Å"Blow out, you cornets, over the rich Dead!† As he says, it has made them ‘rich’. This most likely implies that they are well off with magnificence, applause and appreciation. He makes no notice of the torment and enduring in war. The third line clarifies that perishing has again made them significant. Be that as it may, kicking the bucket has made us rarer endowments than gold. Gold is uncommon, so by passing on they have been them important and one of a kind. Brooke is attempting to connote that very few individuals penance their lives along these lines. This in Brooke’s conviction is a truly good and heavenly practice. The sestet discloses to us how the officers biting the dust present to England a great deal of respect and validity. Respect has returned, as a lord, to earth, What's more, paid his subjects with an illustrious compensation; The harmony that has been available for such a long time has made her powerless. ‘Heritage’ is use to obviously interface with the general subject of ‘payment and reward’. It infers ‘that which is legitimately theirs’, has been effectively executed. What's more, we have come into our legacy. In ‘The Soldier’, Brooke feels substance to bite the dust for his homeland to ensure the individuals abandoned. The title passes on a feeling of pride and faithfulness to the peruser. Albeit completely mindful of the chance of death, demonstrated by the line ‘If I ought to die’, think just this of me:’ Regardless of whether his remains, his ‘richer earth’, were to lie in a land removed from England, his affection would even now be ‘forever’. This is additionally focused when his relationship is contrasted with the bond among mother and youngster. ‘A dust whom England bore, molded, made aware,’ His motivation of battling for his nation is to ensure England, showed by the words, ‘Gave, once, her blossoms to adore, her approaches to roam,’ His feeling of pride and respect is solid to such an extent that he doesn't harp on the melancholy and wretchedness that is related with war, rather sees it as though through rose-tinted glasses. Regardless of whether his commitments were minute, appeared by the correlation of, ‘A beat in the interminable mind’ ‘Give some place back the musings England given’, He is glad to reimburse England and wishes to protect her ‘laughter’ and ‘gentleness’ for what's to come. This satisfaction and bliss is obviously appeared by the words ‘peace’ and ‘heaven’, regardless of whether he is dead, he can find happiness in the hereafter as he has reliably served his nation. This energy is often carried to consideration with the rehashed utilization of the word ‘England’ and ‘English’ all through the sonnet. The Soldier gives out an idealistic tone, portraying war as a tranquil and gallant act. It is written as a Petrarchan work, which is generally used to communicate individual musings and sentiments. This could have been the motivation behind why Rupert Brooke decided to write in this structure. It is likewise a self-portraying sonnet in which the creator communicates an individual perspective on war and his adoration for his nation. Rupert Brooke likewise utilizes versifying pentameters, which is a line containing five anxieties. It gives his composed words authority by utilizing this old style stanza. It likewise gives a mood, which helps the peruser to remember a heartbeat or a ‘pulse’. This aides in making his contention all the more persuading. The refrains are isolated into two. The octave discusses the chance of death while the sestet discusses demise itself and what his penance will mean for England. It gives the conventional, credulous and one-sided perspective on war. It likewise gives a peaceful depiction yet a one-sided perspective on England as he outrightly disregards the negative side of England just referencing its best side. He utilizes a strict lingual authority, for instance the last line peruses, ‘In hearts settled, under an English heaven’. ‘ This uncovers Brooke’s faith in God and Heaven. This is the thing that makes the sonnet sound to some degree like a lesson. Rupert Brooke communicates nationalism and his conviction that England merits battling for as he likewise guarantees that God is on England’s side by saying ‘blest by the suns of home’. By accepting inâ this, Rupert Brooke causes himself to accept that he should forfeit his own life for England and by doing so he would be giving back of being brought into the world British thus trusts it is a respect to do battle, and a significantly more prominent respect to kick the bucket fighting for one’s nation and consequently, depicts in his sonnet a picture of one passing on an easy demise. Such a view is in the Victorian custom of war which saw it as a magnificent and honorable endeavor, with so much sonnets as Tennyson’s ‘Charge of the Light Brigade’. This enthusiastic fever was basically carried on by Brooke who despite everything saw fighting regarding duels and respect. By taking a gander at these pieces, we can arrive at the conspicuous resolution that Brooke was exceptionally optimistic about war and had no clue about the frightfulness and enduring included. Anyway Wilfred Owen’s ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ accomplishes an entirely unexpected impact on the peruser, as it is totally without any conspicuous feeling of national pride, and rather questions the very motivation behind war. His utilization of incongruities all through produces a ridiculing tone, which serves to accentuate his perspective on the pointlessness of war. This is uncovered in the title, where the impact of the word ‘Doomed’ recommends that the fighters are bound to kick the bucket and are with no expectation. In any case, ironicly it is utilized with the word ‘Anthem’, a word held for acclaim. ‘What passing-ringers for these who pass on as steers? ‘ The troopers are contrasted with ‘cattle’ that are butchered, demonstrating that they have no other reason than to bite the dust. The correlation additionally recommends that the warriors were executed variously, cruelly and efficiently. He utilizes rough words to pass on the total nonappearance of affection or respect on the war zone and various logical inconsistencies to summon the sentiments of pity in the peruser; rather than ‘passing-bells’ there are just ‘guns’ and ‘stuttering rifles’. The words ‘monstrous anger’ alludes to the wildness and brutality of war. ‘Only the gigantic annoyance of the weapons. Just the stammering rifles’ fast rattle’ The word ‘monstrous’ additionally proposes that the soldier’s task is massive, practically difficult to do, which accentuates the sentiment of sadness of war. This is again featured when the writer alludes to the discharges as ‘stuttering’. This implies there are shots zooming all over the place, and chances are a large portion of the men would have been hit. The similar sounding word usage of the ‘R’s in rifles quick clatter show the hints of shots; again speaking to the reader’s faculties to feature the hopeless conditions in the war zone which are horrible and revolting. Owen is fixated on the mercilessness, insult and silly squandering of their lives. The utilization of the word ‘patter’ alludes to the shots hitting a soldier’s body. It gives the impact of raindrops hitting a window, which when used to portray how a body is exacted with slugs paints a brutal and unfeeling picture. At the point when he composes, ‘No jokes now for them; no supplications nor bells’ He says that the dead are overlooked; they are neither grieved nor petitioned God for. This is on the grounds that the dead are numerous to such an extent that it would require an excessive amount of exertion to try to watch out for them. The main things to check their demises are the ‘choirs’, yet there are not conventional ensembles but rather, ‘The ear-splitting, hysterical ensembles of moaning shells’. Maybe passing has become the standard for them; it doesn't get a lot of consideration or compassion. The words ‘shrill and wailing’ imply that even in their deathbeds, there is no harmony. The ‘bugles calling for them from pitiful shires’ appear to bring futile, in light of the fact that the warriors are for the most part dead. On the off chance that anything, the soldier’s passings are undignified and not in any way shape or form respectable. There is no legend venerate and the dead are overlooked. There is no pride, no respect and still the war proceeds. Owen expounds on the impacts of such a significant number of setbacks of war and how it amusingly wrecks the homes the fighters passed on to secure. The various passings brought about by warâ ravages even the more youthful ages deserted, appeared by the ‘candles’, ‘What candles might be held to speed them all? Not in the hands of young men, yet in their eyes Will sparkle the sacred flickers of farewells. ‘ This

College Essays For (The Worlds Smartest) Dummies - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts

College Essays For (The Worlds Smartest) Dummies - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts College Essays For (The Worlds Smartest) Dummies College Essays For (The Worlds Smartest) Dummies The New York Times’ Learning Network recently published an exercise asking teachers to lead their high school students through exploration of and practice for the new common application essay prompts.  In addition to encouraging directed free writes, the activity encourages the use of columns from The Times as models for content, and The Choice Blog and The  Learning Network as centers for advice.   In sum, the article lays out a clever and robust examination of the personal statement, presenting The Times as a sophisticated College Essays for Dummies. Reading in general, and this esteemed paper in particular, will undoubtedly help students in the construction of better essays.   The Times’ college-centric blogs and education features regularly offer thoughtful musings on essay content and the overall state of admissions; and personal essays like the ones published in the Modern Love and Lives columns serve as emblems of compelling storytelling and successful short-form structure. So pull up that paper when you’re in the dentist’s waiting room or on the morning school bus and check out one of the many pieces on The Learning Center’s shortlist.   The summer is around the corner, and it’s never too early to warm up your creative brain with a good read, or two, or twelve. About CEA HQView all posts by CEA HQ »

Anecdotal Records in Behavior Intervention

Life Lessons Along A Christian s Journey - 1006 Words

Life Lessons along a Christian’s Journey The Bible has stories and lessons that communicates to each of us in different areas of life. The Bible is the guide to everyone’s salvation. Understanding God’s voice is understanding the existence of all the living. It is up to each person to choose a godhead life or not. The responsibility in a godhead life does not come easy. The understanding, connecting and unity in a godhead life comes with many tests and trials along the journey, but faith is all it takes. Understanding Christians understand that the Bible is from God. There is so much to take in, but we have a lifetime to get to know God and what are place is in this universe. God does speak to each of us, we just have to listen. God is†¦show more content†¦The entire bible is one book, has one author, the Holy Spirit, and has one purpose, to show the fall of man and God’s way to redeem him. No one cannot understand the New Testament without understanding the Old Testament first. Connecting The Old Testament and the New Testament are one book; one balances the other. In the Old Testament life started when God decided to make Adam, â€Å"Let us make human beings in our image, (Genesis 1:24 NIV)†. God revealed himself to humans. This is where God connected on a personal level with each of us and we learned how to speak to God. This is also the time when the â€Å"Fall of Man† was redeemed. We all may agree that again and again we â€Å"fall down†, but God is right there. We just have to believe and pray for God’s guidance. God shows grace, forgiveness and love. God sent his son, Lord Jesus Christ to show us physically and visibly what God is like. God again revealed himself to the world, by his unconditional love. God is constant in his words. Throughout the Bible starting in the Old Testament that God’s son is coming and tells how he is coming. In the New Testament, Christ is sent to save all our sins and uphold the universe. It is imp ortant to understand this from the beginning, because whatever is true of God the Father is true of Jesus Christ the Son and is true of the Holy Spirit. God is three persons, but one God. God is REAL. Role To understand God is to understand that, â€Å"The Father is God: Jesus Christ is God; the Holy Spirit is

Feminism in Education Gender Equality Free Essays

Prior to 1870 education was not formally recognised and only available to the elite few who could afford to educate their children privately or at private schools. The poorer people of society would have to rely on the education of the church and its moral teachings rather than academic teachings. Although the 1870 Forster Act was to bring education to all children between 5-10 years old, it was not welcomed by everyone. We will write a custom essay sample on Feminism in Education: Gender Equality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some thought it would lead to the masses ‘thinking’ for themselves and see their roles in society as unfair, causing them to revolt. Others such as the church were funded by the state with public money to provide education for the poor and these churches did not want to lose that influence on youth. Although this gave children a few years of formal education , still only the richer children had the opportunity to further their education until they were 18/19 years old, thus education still being based on social class until the 1944. The 1944 Butler Education Act saw the introduction of a three stage structure that is still in place today and gave all pupils an equal chance to develop through education. It introduced primary education, up to the age of 11, Secondary education, from 11 to 15, and further education which was non- compulsory after the school leaving age. One of the ground-breaking results of the Act was to educate and mobilise women and the working class. It opened secondary school to girls, and the working class, and as a result, a far higher percentage attended higher education after secondary school. This newly found education increased working class awareness of their disadvantaged social position and created a bitter class division between the working and middle class. The most present act of education is the New Labour. The Labour government famous with its motto, â€Å"Education, Education, Education† focused their campaign on a better education system but kept many old policies such as consumer choice league tables and competition. They mainly focus on market choice and value for money in today’s education. Education, since is formal existence, has always seen a gender divide in the achievement of young people and there is many studies that link gender to education and achievement. Feminists analyse the school curriculum from a gendered perspective. Feminist argue that education plays a major role in promoting gender inequalities in society through classroom interactions, labeling and school curriculum. They highlight the existence of a gendered curriculum within schools. Since the 1944 Butler Act they have been concerned with the discrimination of girls and the difference in exam results between boys and girls The different branches within feminism offer different degrees on how this is. Liberal Feminists see that sex discrimination should be tackled through education legislation and policies and has had some success in highlighting these inequalities through the work of the Equal Opportunities Commission. They see this as being enough to combat the problems within education due to gender but Radical and Marxist feminists feel this is only the surface of the problem and it is much deeper. Radical feminists emphasise a conflict between men and women. They see men as in the dominant position within the education system to further their own interests and this patriarchy is their main problem. Their main goal is to eradicate patriarchal control and free women. They believe that inequality will be brought to an end when women are free from physical and emotional suppression. Marxist feminists believe that social class has its part to play in inequalities and that education is their to support the needs of the ruling class. As the ruling class do this the womens role is therefore to support men so are the lowest rung of society within a Capitalist society. They argree with Marxist about the hidden ciricullum but they feel that both the formal and the hidden are ways of enforcing these unequal roles within education A study that supports the feminists point of view would be Sharpe (1976) ‘Just like a girl: how girls learn to be women. This study involved interviewing 249 working class girls who lived in London. It found that many of the girls held traditional views of their role within society- motherhood , marriage and family life. Through the education system they were being set up for these roles or for jobs that were classed as womens work, ie shop assistant, office work, work with little or no promotion opportunities or job satisfaction. To support this study, Kelly (1982) also found differences with reagards to gender in the t oys that were being given to children. Although these studies did prove there were some equality between the sexes with regards to the way they children were being educated, they really investigate more the issue of stereotyping. As it is from a feminists point of view if fails to recognise that males were also underachieving at the time of Douglas’s study. It also may be a bit dated as it was conducted again in the 1990’s with vast differences. Females were now placing much more emphasis on their career and independence. This emphasises the way society has moved on and there is less of a role perception today. Also the data may have been subjective and open to interpretation as they used the method of interviews. As the studies do show some equality between the sexes, I think these theories may be a bit dated. When these studies were conducted boys were achieving more than girls, roles have changed in today’s society and feminists fail to recognise this or offer an explanation. How to cite Feminism in Education: Gender Equality, Essay examples

Case study on arbitrage pricing theory free essay sample

ABSTRACT This study investigates the Arbitrage Pricing Theory for the case of Zimbabwe using time series data from 1980 to 2005 within a vector autoregressive (VAR) framework. The Granger causality tests are conducted to establish the existence of causality among the variables like inflation, exchange rate and Gross Domestic Product. The VAR estimates as shown by the impulse response and variance decomposition together with the Granger causality test show that there is unidirectional causality from Consumer Price Index to Stock Prices. Although the Granger causality test has indicated that there is no causality between RGDP and Stock Prices, the variance decomposition has shown that the real GDP explains deviations in the Stock Prices in the long run. Granger causality tests found no meaningful relationships between Stock Prices and Exchange Rate but considering impulse response functions the effect is significant as early as the first period. Keywords: Arbitrage, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), Efficient Market Hypothesis, Vector Auto Regression Model (VAR), Impulse Response, Variance Decomposition. INTRODUCTION The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) have emerged as two models that have tried to scientifically measure the potential for assets to generate a return or a loss. Both of them are based on the efficient market hypothesis, and are part of the modern portfolio theory. The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) (Fama, 1965), states that at any given time, security prices fully reflect all available information. If the asset is overpriced, then arbitrageurs will short the asset, until reduced demand for purchasing it caused the price to fall. The opposite is true for underpriced securities. The CAPM is based on several simplifying assumptions and because most of these assumptions appear to be unrealistic in the real world, it has been argued that they are the cause of flaws in the CAPM (Watson and Head 1998; Harrington 1987). Several of the CAPM assumptions have been criticized. For instance, the assumptions that there are no taxes and no transaction costs do not conform to reality. In addition, the assumption of homogeneous expectations is also open to doubt, because investors usually have divergent expectations, apply various investment holding periods, differ in respect of their decision-making processes and so on. (Levy and Solomon 2000). Some researchers have also suggested that the CAPM is incorrect in respect of its description of expected returns and that a multi-factor model offers a better explanation. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) has run into several roadblocks such as Rolls (1977) suggestion that it is not a testable scientific theory and a plethora of empirical anomalies which provide empirical evidence that the usual market proxies are not mean-variance efficient. In 1976 Ross introduced the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) as an alternative to the CAPM. The APT has the potential to overcome CAPM’s weaknesses. It requires less and more realistic assumptions to be generated by a simple arbitrage argument and its explanatory power is potentially better since it is a multifactor model. The APT relates the expected rate of return on a sequence of primitive securities to their factor sensitivities, suggesting that factor risk is of critical importance in asset pricing (Gilles and Leroy, 1990). It tries to capture some of the non- market influences that cause securities to move together. The APT rests on the hypothesis that the equity price is influenced by limited and non- correlated common factors and by a specific factor totally independent from the other factors. The main empirical strength of the APT is that it permits the researcher to select whatever factors provide the best explanation for the particular sample at hand (Groenewold and Fraser, 1997). Scanty literature has tried to test the APT in Zimbabwe. Although, Chakaza (2008) has attempted to investigate the link between systematic factors and stock prices in Zimbabwe, he only focused on a unidirectional effect running from financial systematic factors to stock prices in the context of cointegration. The results he obtained supported that systematic factors influence stock prices but the issue of causality is unknown for the Zimbabwean economy and this is what this study seeks to investigate. This comes as a result of different studies carried out in different countries having yielded different results on the causality issue and the subject matter remains inconclusive. The issue of causality is far from being settled. Besides the study carried out by Chakaza (2008), the authors are not aware of any study which has been carried out for Zimbabwe in an attempt to answer the direction of causality. The study will add to the existing body of knowledge by determining the direction of causality between systematic factors and stock prices by employing a vector autoregressive (VAR) modeling framework. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II reviews the theoretical and empirical literature. Section III provides the methodology to be employed in this study. The main contribution of the paper is Section IV, where the Arbitrage Pricing Theory will be tested. The paper concludes in Section V, with brief final comments and policy recommendations. LITERATURE REVIEW The Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) Ross (1976) developed the arbitrage pricing theory (APT) as an alternative model that could potentially overcome the CAPM’s problems while still retaining the underlying message of the later. The core idea of the APT is that only a small number of systematic influences affect the long term average returns of securities. The first ingredient of Ross’s APT is a factor model. Multi-factor models allow an asset to have not just one, but many measures of systematic risk. Each measure captures the sensitivity of the asset to the corresponding pervasive factor. If the factor model holds exactly and assets do not have specific risk, then the law of one price implies that the expected return of any asset is just a linear function of the other assets’ expected return. If this were not the case, arbitrageurs would be able to create a long-short trading strategy that would have no initial cost, but would give positive profits for sure. The intuition for the result when assets have no specific risk, is that all asset prices move in lockstep with one another and are therefore just leveraged ‘copies’ of one other. The result becomes more difficult when assets do have specific risk. In this case it is possible to form portfolios where the specific risk may be diversified away. To achieve full diversification of residual risk, however, a portfolio needs to include an infinite number of securities. With a finite set of securities, each of which has specific risk, the APT pricing restriction will only hold only approximately. The advantage of factor analytic techniques is that the factors determined from the data explain a large proportion of the risks in that particular dataset over the period under consideration. The drawback is that factors usually have no economic interpretation. As Roll and Ross argue, â€Å"an effort should be directed at identifying a more meaningful set of sufficient statistics for the underlying factors†. An alternative to factor analytic techniques is to use observed macroeconomic variables as the risk factors. One of the first studies using observed factors was by Chen et al (1986). Their argument is that at the most basic level some fundamental valuation model determines the prices of assets. That is, the price of a stock will be the correctly discounted expected future dividends. Therefore the choice of factors should include any systematic influences that impact future dividends, the way traders and investors form expectations, and the rate at which investors discount future cash flows. Empirical Investigation Mpohamba (1955) used autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach for the case of Germany covering the period 1935-1954. The results reviewed that, in the long-run, inflation and real interest rate exerted positive impact on stock prices. A stable long-run relationship between economic growth and stock prices was found. This method of estimation however, does not cater for reverse causality and would be inappropriate for the estimation of causality in Zimbabwe. More so the feedback effect should have been considered. By employing provincial panel data from Congo, Zhang (1967) examined to determine if diamond prices and money supply explained the stock prices in Congo for the period 1960-1966. He employed a provincial panel data. The results suggested that both variables influenced stock prices. He concluded that the findings revealed a significant and positive nexus between diamond prices and stock prices. This method however, assumes that all elements in the collection have the same economic structure which is not the case for all provinces or nations especially the developing ones. Hamao (1988) replicated the Chen, et al (1986) study in the multi-factor APT framework. By applying an unbalanced panel data, he showed that the Asian stock returns were significantly influenced by the changes in expected inflation, and the unexpected changes in both the risk premium and the slope of the term structure of interest rates. However, different countries have different financial and economic structures which need to be estimated using different proxies and methodologies. Maysami and Koh (1990) examined long-term dynamic interactions between the Botswana Stock Exchange and macroeconomic variables for the period 1978 to 1989 by employing a vector error correction model (VECM). The variables were seasonally adjusted money supply, industrial production index, foreign exchange rate, retail price index (inflation), domestic exports, and interest rates. Results indicated a cointegrating vector among returns on the Botswana Stock Exchange and money supply growth, inflation, term structure of interest rates, and changes in exchange rates. This study is going to employ a VAR instead of VECM because the variables are not integrated of the same order. Akmal (1997) investigated the relationship between equity market prices and inflation in Algeria for the period 1971-1996 by employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to observe cointegration among variables and provided evidence that equity returns are hedged against inflation in the long run. Though the study by Akmal (1997) is important in defining and providing a background for the inclusion of the explanatory variables, this study will adopt a different methodology, thus it is going to use the VAR model instead of ARDL. Mukherjee and Naka (2005) tested the dynamic relationship between six macroeconomic variables and the Japanese stock market, by employing a vector error correction to a model of seven equations. They found that a long-term equilibrium relationship exists between the Japanese stock market and the six macroeconomic variables which are exchange rate, money supply, inflation, industrial production, long-term government bond rate and call money rate. However, using money supply, inflation, government bond rate and call money rate as explanatory variables in one study may bring about the problem of multicollineality. Maysami et al (2006) examined the long run relationship among macroeconomic variables and Stock prices in Angola and found stock prices to have long term relationship with industrial production, inflation, exchange rate, changes in the short and long-term interest rates and money supply. METHODOLOGY The study is going to employ the Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model to model the relationship between stock prices and certain macroeconomic variables. A VAR is an economic model that is used to capture the innovation and interdependency of multiple times series variables. The VAR model, developed by Sims (1980) represents dynamic models of a group of time series. In a VAR model each variable will have its own equation explaining the changes in that variable in question, in response to its own current and past values and the current and past values of all the variables in the model. Unit root tests will be conducted to test the data for stationarity. If the variables are integrated of the same order then a cointegration test will be performed. Definition and Justification of variables The dependent variable is stock prices. Stock prices are estimated by the industrial production total index. The industrial production total index is a proxy for the real activity. It shows the changes in production value added of branches of manufacturing industry. It is computed on the basis of production data collected for about 1500 factories, the production value added of which covers over 75% of the total value created by the manufacturing industry in Zimbabwe. Independent Variables a. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) GDP is a measure of corporate output and activity influencing possible future dividends. Industrial production index has been used as proxy to measure the growth rate in real sector. GDP presents a measure of overall economic activity in the economy and affects stock prices through its influence on expected future cash flows. It is hypothesized that an increase in industrial production is positively related to equity prices. b. Consumer Price Index (CPI) Consumer Price Index is used as a proxy of inflation rate. CPI is chosen as it is a broad base measure to calculate average change in prices of goods and services during a specific period. Inflation is ultimately translated into nominal interest rate and an increase in nominal interest rates increase discount rate which results in reduction of present value of cash flows so it is hypothesized that an increase in inflation is negatively related to equity prices. Inflation is likely to influence stock prices directly through changes in the price level and through the policies designed to control it. c. Foreign Exchange Rate (ER) This study employs foreign exchange rate as end of month US$/Z$ exchange rate. It is hypothesized that a loss in value of the home currency is negatively related to equity prices. A positive relation between the exchange rate and stock prices is conjectured. Persistent devaluation of the Zimbabwe dollar lures people to rather invest in strong international currencies usually by keeping them as idle balances. Thus resources that could be invested on the stock exchange are diverted into non-functioning assets usually comprised of dollars, Rands and pound sterling. Empirical Model The study is going to follow Mishra (1994) to identify factors in the Arbitrage Pricing Theory with macroeconomic variables that have an impact on stock market prices. Most studies employed this model in order to test the impact of macroeconomic variables on stock market prices. As stated in the previous chapter, it has advantages over the CAPM model as it allows the selection of whatever factors provide a better explanation of variations in stock market prices. The regression equation is specified as follows: k Vt = ? At Vt ? i + ? t i =1 V = (CPI , GDP, ER) Where; Vt is a vector of endogenous variables, A 1 -A k are three by three matrices of coefficients and ? t is a vector of error terms. Following Shan et al (2006) the variation is smoothed out in time series variables and further even and make the variables consistent in the model by transforming all of the variables into logarithm format. ESTIMATION OF RESULTS The unit root tests were conducted by applying the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test developed by Dickey and Fuller (1981) to test the stationarity of our variables. If the estimated Augmented Dickey-Fuller statistic is greater than the critical value the null hypothesis that the series is non-stationary in favour of stationarity will be rejected. To deal with the problem of high variability and unevenness of our data, all variables were converted into logs before being subjected to the tests for stationarity. A trend and an intercept were employed for the testing for stationarity in levels and only an intercept for successive test. After running the data, it is only Exchange Rate (ER) that was stationary in levels. All other variables were found to be non-stationary. Appropriate differencing were conducted and it was found that the Stock Price (SP) became stationary after differencing twice, that is , it is integrated of order two I(2). After differencing once, Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) were found to be stationary which means they are integrated of order one, I(1) as illustrated Table 1 below. This therefore, means that this study is going to perform the vector autoregression (VAR) analysis without proceeding to conducting the vector error correction (VEC) model. Table 1: Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test results after appropriate differencing. ***Indicating stationarity at 1% level, ** stationarity at 5% level and * stationarity at 10% level of significance Table 2 reports diagnostic test results of residuals of the VAR model. Table 2: Diagnostic Tests of the residuals of the VAR Inspection of the table regarding the VAR shows that the Q-statistic is insignificant at 5% confidence level, with large p-values. Consequently, the null hypothesis, that the residuals of the equations incorporated into the VAR up to order k are not autocorrelated, cannot be rejected. Moreover, the Breusch-Godfrey Lagrange Multiplier is reported. This is also a test of the null hypothesis that there is no serial correlation in the residuals up to the specified order. The reported F-statistics indicate no autocorrelation in the residuals at 5% confidence level. Also, the ARCH test for autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity was applied. Ignoring ARCH effects may result in loss of efficiency. It is a test of the null hypothesis that there is no ARCH up to order k in the residuals. The reported n*R2 (i. e. number of observations multiplied by R-squared) follows ? 2 distribution with k degrees of freedom. For the estimated VAR the observed value is lower than the critical value. Thus, the null hypothesis that there is no autocorrelation in the error variance is accepted. Impulse Response The long run relations among the variables of the systems have been determined. Subsequently, there should be examined the transmission mechanisms of the shocks among the variables, which determine the time paths of the systems and settle the equilibrium. Table 3 shows the impulse response functions for the variables.

Importance of Hiring Ethics in Hospitality Industries

Free Essays on Explority Ethnicity As A Major Cause Of Violence In Latin America

Exploring Ethnicity as a Major Cause of Violence in Latin America – Primarily Guatemala & Columbia By: Derek Lowe Friday, April 25, 2003 This research paper is entitled exploring ethnicity because that is my endeavor. To support my thesis of ethnicity as the major factor of violence in today’s countries of Guatemala and Columbia. For clarification on the meaning of the word ethnicity – I will give the definition as the following: Ethnic Background, way of life, trait, etc.1 This definition will be key in understanding of ethnicity part in the violence portrayed in the countries of Guatemala and Columbia. My main focus will be however on the country of Guatemala. The dictionary defines the way of life as being part of ethnicity. Therefore that brings in several major factors of the Mayan indigenous people. One major factor was the fact that their lives were governed by their religion. Research shows that â€Å" Religion Permeated all phases of Mayan life. Law and taxation, for example, were interpreted as religious principles and religious offerings. Education was conducted mainly as training for priests, who made reading, writing, and learning caste specialties†¦. They conducted the numerous public rituals, including some human sacrifice by decapitation.†2 We can see now that religion was a major aspect of the indigenous Guatemalans. Therefore when this supreme way of life (ethnicity) was disrupted, the result was violence. Another major factor was brought to the indigenous group during the classic period (250 – 900). In Mayan teachings was now taught that land equaled life and to take away a Mayan’s land was to take away his/her life.3 What may now go through the readers head at this point is how do these factors, formerly stated support this thesis over the opposing thesis of outside intervention being the major cause of violence in Guatemala and Columbia today. What I want is the reader not ... Free Essays on Explority Ethnicity As A Major Cause Of Violence In Latin America Free Essays on Explority Ethnicity As A Major Cause Of Violence In Latin America Exploring Ethnicity as a Major Cause of Violence in Latin America – Primarily Guatemala & Columbia By: Derek Lowe Friday, April 25, 2003 This research paper is entitled exploring ethnicity because that is my endeavor. To support my thesis of ethnicity as the major factor of violence in today’s countries of Guatemala and Columbia. For clarification on the meaning of the word ethnicity – I will give the definition as the following: Ethnic Background, way of life, trait, etc.1 This definition will be key in understanding of ethnicity part in the violence portrayed in the countries of Guatemala and Columbia. My main focus will be however on the country of Guatemala. The dictionary defines the way of life as being part of ethnicity. Therefore that brings in several major factors of the Mayan indigenous people. One major factor was the fact that their lives were governed by their religion. Research shows that â€Å" Religion Permeated all phases of Mayan life. Law and taxation, for example, were interpreted as religious principles and religious offerings. Education was conducted mainly as training for priests, who made reading, writing, and learning caste specialties†¦. They conducted the numerous public rituals, including some human sacrifice by decapitation.†2 We can see now that religion was a major aspect of the indigenous Guatemalans. Therefore when this supreme way of life (ethnicity) was disrupted, the result was violence. Another major factor was brought to the indigenous group during the classic period (250 – 900). In Mayan teachings was now taught that land equaled life and to take away a Mayan’s land was to take away his/her life.3 What may now go through the readers head at this point is how do these factors, formerly stated support this thesis over the opposing thesis of outside intervention being the major cause of violence in Guatemala and Columbia today. What I want is the reader not ...

Future of 2020 Automotive Industry Research Paper

Future of 2020 Automotive Industry - Research Paper Example of the global financial crisis have been noticeable since early 2008, and the crisis has by now proved itself to be the most horrible economic crisis. It is almost similar to the Great Depression of the 1930s. The economic crisis had been impending for some time, ignored by many, due to the accomplishment of an extremely limited amount of products, like light trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs). At this point, it is apparent that the automotive service sector, which is one of the leading service industries, is struck hard by the current economic and financial crisis. With global financial crisis as a starting point, the arrival of a new atmosphere in automotive business sector is expected. There is increased necessity to predict future prospects and to be ready for it. Clubbed with the current global crisis, various other factors too have largely affected automotive business; for example, problems related to energy, sustainable growth, technology growth, aging, natural tragedies , etc. Environmental alterations in the automotive business affect each part of the business, which include its structure and size, its positions and even more than that. Besides global economic crisis, on the whole, change is required to revamp the industry, to and to overcome all the troubles. The unexpected changes required in automotive industry must be established with a long-term view covering specific areas like generating new business, technology growth, organizational development, etc. There are also various other factors that influence the crisis in automotive industry. Those are long term and short term factors. The short-term factor is simply the unexpected and huge collapse of sales. In an industry or business with high level of fixed costs, this brings a dramatic effect on the companies. The preceding assessment of the impacts of the economic crisis, and the solutions for the problems, point out to the following conclusions: By referring to the alterations for automotive

An Introduction to Analytical Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An Introduction to Analytical Writing - Essay Example The satirical essay is, without a single doubt, very informative. Being a media practitioner, the author was able to expound his thesis by giving substantial information about the current state of affairs. These pieces of information are glaring examples of how the current crop of people in the congress utilizes mass media to mask the more exacting problems that need to be resolved like budget deficit, health care, and of course the presence and involvement of the United States in Iraq. All these problems are veiled with what appeals to the hearts of everyone: morality and righteousness. Why and how does this whole kit and caboodle happen Simple. Based on my own reckoning, the representatives are clever enough not to know how to safely deceive and bewilder their unknowing constituents. Indeed by conducting hearings that appeal to everyone's heart, they can shift the people's attention from the very core of the problem down to the ones that bob in and out of the social strata. As most of us probably know, people generally react to situations directly affecting them and their parochial needs.

Internal Marketing in Banks

Internal Marketing in Banks Management Information System The worlds local bank About HSBC BANK Headquartered in London, HSBC is one of the largest banking and financial services organizations in the world. HSBCs international network comprises around 9,500 offices in 85 countries and territories in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, the Americas, the Middle East and Africa. With listings on the London, Hong Kong, New York, Paris and Bermuda stock exchanges, shares in HSBC Holdings plc are held by around 200,000 shareholders in some 100 countries and territories. The shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American Depositary Receipts. Through an international network linked by advanced technology, including a rapidly growing e-commerce capability, HSBC provides a comprehensive range of financial services: personal financial services; commercial banking; corporate, investment banking and markets; private banking; and other activities. History The HSBC Group has an international pedigree which is unique. Many of its principal companies opened for business over a century ago and they have a history which is rich in variety and achievement. The HSBC Group is named after its founding member, The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, which was established in 1865 to finance the growing trade between China and Europe. Internal Marketing in HSBC BANK 1. Target Base Promotion Offers Under one of the Policies of the Bank, it provides the promotion depending upon the target which is met by the employees on the quarterly basis. The employees who will achieve the target get the Incentive and the next month foreign tours. For example on the target of the 8account opening, if any employee opens 10 accounts then he is given next month foreign trip. Thus the prompt target based promotion builds up employee’s motivation to give better services to the customer 2. Hierarchal form of Management HSBC BANK have a hierarchal form whereby each employee is answerable to one of the senior and this makes the obligation on the employees to motivate one to the other . The burden of business is transferred from one employee to the other in such a way that each one is responsible for the other performance. This way each internal customer is able be keep under the eye of its superior. Moreover the communication link which is important for a service industry is possible with the help of the this management system. 3. Event Management Under this head various events are organized from time to time in the banks to lure the high professionals for example Sales Tax Advocates, Income Tax Advocates and the Chartered Accountants etc so that external marketing could be more effective. Now the responsibilities of these events are on the internal customers and if they organize these events successfully it add on the credibility and the profitability of the internal customers and they are awarded with the various recognition prizes and awards for there effective leadership skills. This also helps to build up a relationship between the internal and external employees. 4. On The Roll Training High focus is always there on the training aspect of the internal customers. Training of the employees are given due importance from time to time and with the touch points of Human Resources for example whenever Bank want to design training schedule for its internal customers, it design it in the Five –star hotels with all the luxuries there out with all the facilities away from there routine work so this enables the internal employees to be stress-free and grasp the training modules practically. As an HR policy this enables the employees to increase in there efficiency and feel free from the routine work. As a result the employees will be able to add on more practical knowledge to it , when they return to there work. This is one of the prominent factor of the foreign Banks that they stress on the training module of the internal employees , which give them a chance to be more interactive with the other professionals of other branches and if they facing any problem they can sor t out with the help of the various training modules 5. Strong Management Information System Strong MIS base is one of the basic strength of any Foreign Bank, So in HSBC Bank also holds a good MIS system for example here the reporting system is so designed so as to provide no chaos among the internal employees and they can easily report to there seniors online only. 6. Online Tests/Quizzes/Learning Modules These tests are specially designed for every class of the employees in the HSBC so as to increase the handling efficiency of the internal customers with the help if of the case studies and the real life examples. Some of them are basic modules and they have to be cleared by the internal customers and some are there just to give them ranking by the HR professional which add-on to the character sketch of the employees and help them to be rated accordingly. 7. Systematic Employees coding Under this head the internal customers (employees) are given the Employee Code and the People Shop Code. Employee code is given to the employees so as to assess their performance, rating grading whereas the PS is given to the facility of the HR department so that the various online tests, HR activities n be handled conveniently. Thus we can see that how effectively the separate identification no for the Human resource convenience is given which benefit each and every internal customer separately. 8. Excellent Information Technology HSBC Bank has tied up with SAP in Asia to enhance the financial institutions bank corporate client integration system targeted for use globally. The improved system also has the potential to enable the exchange of richer information between HSBC and its business customers, according to the bank. HSBC currently offers a service that provides corporate clients access to an automated host-to-host system to facilitate secure transactions. Called HSBC Connect, the service enables the back-end systems of the bank and its enterprise customers to communicate seamlessly and securely. 9. Recreational Activities Time to time recreational activities are designed for the internal customer so as to decrease the stress of the employees. For example visit to Jim Corbett Park with full fledged facilities are provided to the employees. Thus as a foreign Bank internal marketing strategy they always focus on the Human resource aspect of the internal employees by provided the employee friendly environment with the help of the various recreational activities. 10. Employees Rating HSBC BANK has full-proof rating system whereby the employees are divided into the four categories as 1st 2nd 3rd and 4th .The level of the employees are rated according to this rating. Currently 1st batch rating is not given in HSBC India but it have been achieved by the international HSBC superiors. 11. Customer Friendly Environment As a internal customer friendly environment the internal customers are given flexible time allotment which makes the environment of the Bank more friendly. Basic amenities being a service sector is well considered in the foreign banks which actually amounts to the total increased efficiency American Express Service India Ltd Certain facts: A survey wad conducted by India Today in which 20 most reputed foreign banks were surveyed on certain parameters and American Express ranked 6th in Employee Satisfaction. (Source: India Today , June 2008 issue) American Express ranks 9th in the list of Fortune 500 companies.It comes under the A++ Category. Service Blueprint of American Express. Following are the steps involved in making their credit cards available to their customers:-1) Call to customer 2) Appointment 3) Meet customer 4) Documentation 5) Employee back to office 6) Prepare Dispatch 7) Send an E-mail to the processing department 8) Verification 9) Dump (rejection) 10) Card Approval 11) Card Issue 12) Payment 1) Call to customer :-A prior database is prepared of the prospective customers and they are called randomly by the tele callers of American Express. The details are narrated to them over the phone and those interested are promptly followed up. 2) Appointments :-The tele callers fix an appointment of the Relationship Officers with the interested customers. 3) Meet Customer :-A venue and time is decided according to the convenience of the customers and the Relationship Officer meets the customer as per the appointment fixed. 4) Documentation:- The Relationship officer asks the pre-requisites like personal details, type of credit card desired , what all are previously held by the prospect, etc. and the Relationship officer is required to verify all the details. 5) Employee back to office:-The relationship officer comes back to the office after collecting all the relevant details and prepares a summary of the case. 6) Prepare Dispatch :-The Relationship officer prepares a soft copy as well as a hard copy to be sent to the processing department. 7) Send an E-mail to the processing department :- The soft copy is mailed by the Relationship Officer to the processing department. 8) Verification:- The processing Department checks for the authenticity of the prospective client. They search their past records as to whether or not they have had any prior contact with the prospect. If in case it is revealed that their has been a prior association and the prospect was a defaulter in that case then they come in the category of â€Å"Cibil† clients. 9) Dump (rejection) :- The Cibil clients are simply rejected. 10) Card Approval:-A list of those customers is prepared who can be granted the credit cards. 11) Card Issue:- Thereafter, the card is issued to the customers. 12) Payment :-The bank sends the statement to the customers after one month and the customers are supposed to make their payment within a span of 45 days. Hierarchy of American Express Internal Marketing In American Express Bank The responsibility of dealing with the customers at American Express is on two people Recruitment: Both the telecallers and Relationship Officers are hired through consultants. However, holding an M.B.A. degree is a must for the Relationship Officer. In case the person does not hold an M.B.A Degree then he is expected to have served in the same industry for a period of not less than 3 years. The Relationship Officer is expected to have a dynamic personality, excellent Communication skills, good motivator, should have good convincing powers, etc. All these attributes are necessary because the Relationship Officer is the person who makes the direct contact with the prospective customers. He has the maximum â€Å"Encounters† with the customers. Training: The American Express bank has hired an International body, which provides training in Bangalore and Delhi in the five star hotels. The duration of training is 10-15 days. Training is provided at all the levels. The new employees are told about the history of the company, the company profile, their services, customer profile, area/location, market share, competitors and industry associates. It is basically a knowledge enhancing session. The trainer asks the new employee to deal with him as a customer. These will provide relevant insight as to how he reacts to customer queries and such training prepares him for crucial service encounters. Appraisal: The Appraisal System at American Express is Target Achievement oriented. The KPAs and KRA’s are predefined. A target of 21 points is given to them in a month on the basis of their dealing with the Externals and Internals. Externals are first time users and Internals are those that had a previous association. If a deal is done with Externals they get 3 -1/2 points and if with Internals they get 1 point. In the end their appraiser combines all the points and on the basis of that they are given rewards, promotions, demotions, counseling, training, etc, as the case may be. Employees are also appraised on the basis of the category they belong to: G TargetsM – Interpersonal Skills G1 M1 – Targets over achieved and excellent interpersonal skills.G2 M2 – 100% achievement of targets and good interpersonal skills.G3 M3 – 50%– 60% achievement of targets and average interpersonal skills.G4 M4 – Targets not achieved and poor interpersonal skills. Culture :-Core Culture :- Quality, cleanliness, service and price.â€Å" The paramount idiom in American Express is total customer satisfaction†.There is no job pressure and since the employees are highly satisfied and motivated sothey service they provide to the customer is also very satisfactory. Strategies for Internal Marketing Adopted By American Express Bank Ltd. FAIR PRACTICES CODE FOR CREDIT CARD OPERATIONS American Express Bank Ltd. (hereinafter referred to ‘the Bank’) has a reputation for customer service and sound compliance. The Bank has various policies and procedures that govern its business activities and operations. Further, the Bank has compliance and other internal programs designed to ensure compliance with laws and regulations of countries where it does business. This Fair Practice Code (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Code’) for credit card operations is designed to guide and demonstrate the Bank’s commitment to fair and ethical management of its business activities operations related to issuance of cards, customer service and other related activities. BANK’S VISION AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES Vision: To become the worlds most respected service brand. Operating Principles: We must provide a superior value proposition to Everything we do shouldØWe must achieve Best-in-Class EconomicsØcustomersØour BrandØsupport the American Express BUSINESS ETHICS AND COMPLIANCE WITH THE LAW The Bank and its employees shall ensure that ethical conduct shall permeate all our business dealings and relationships. In a rapidly evolving credit card business, the Bank and its employees shall ensure ethical conduct in offering products and services, business activities, operations and customer services. The Bank shall conduct its business in accordance with applicable laws and regulations The Bank has competent individuals managing regulatory affairs and advising business leaders about compliance requirements. The Bank has a sound compliance program to ensure high level of compliance to applicable laws and regulations. CARDS – SALES AND MARKETING The Bank shall provide full and complete disclosure of products and services, their features and costs to enable a prospective customer to make an informed decision / choice The Bank shall provide information on: Applicable fees Key features of our products and services particulars, Documents required with regard to identity, contact and other charges How a customer’s personal information §employment, financial standing, etc. Terms Details of Bank contact for seeking additional information shall be used billing and payment, and conditions related to fees and interest charges, other aspects related to maintenance and §renewal, termination procedures and card accounts. management of The Bank’s advertising and marketing campaigns shall use truthful and whole statements about Bank’s products and services The Bank shall ensure that the whole of an advertisement is truthful, shall inform customers of costs and obligations as well as benefits and features. The advertisements may not mislead by using tricky or clever wording. The Bank shall have a Code of Conduct for its agents and others who sell, distribute or otherwise market Bank’s card products. The Bank shall ensure that all agents who sell, distribute or otherwise market Bank’s card products have a Code of Conduct for their dealings with prospective customers and Cardmembers. The Bank shall have monitoring process in place to review the agent’s compliance to this code, at regular intervals. CARD OPERATIONS AND CUSTOMER SERVICE The Bank shall have effective processes and systems to ensure quality in operations and customer service The Bank shall maintain effective processes and systems to maintain quality in following card operations activities: Timely § Dispatch §decision to customers §processing for applications and communication of communication to inform about §of credit card in a secured mode and follow-up Availability of contact centers such as telephone service §issuance of card centers for customers to contact for information or queries on products, services and related subjects Timely dispatch of credit card statements Timely processing of payments received from credit card customers Receipt and satisfactory disposition of customer correspondences and complaints The Bank may have processes to honor customers’ choices and preferences during the period of customer relationship The Bank may have processes to honor customers’ choices with regard to the following, subject to certain terms and conditions: Change of payment modes within types offered by the Bank Opting out from receipt of Bank’s marketing and promotional materials Voluntary termination of credit card facility The Bank shall treat customers with respect and dignity during collection efforts The Bank has policies and employee training programs to guide employees to exhibit courteous and fair behavior during collection efforts. The Bank shall ensure that all collection and recovery agents have a Fair Practice Code for their dealings with the customers.The Bank shall have monitoring process in place to review the agent’s compliance to this code, at regular intervals. CUSTOMER PRIVACY The Bank shall safeguard the privacy, confidentiality and security of customer data entrusted with it. The Bank has privacy principles to ensure that the customer information collected is relevant, accurate and confidential. The Bank has adequate standards to protect customer accounts and information. These standards allow customers to remove their names from lists used for mail, telephone and online marketing. All employees shall be trained in customer privacy principles as appropriate to their work. FAIR COMPETITION The Bank shall comply fully with the letter and spirit of laws designed to preserve free and open competition The Bank strongly supports vigorous but fair competition. The Bank shall make completely factual and truthful statements about our own products or those of our competitions, whether in advertising or in speaking to customers or others The making of false or misleading statements about our competitors is inconsistent with our reputation for integrity. The Bank and its employees shall deal fairly and honestly with all customers and suppliers. COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE This is a non-statutory code and the Bank shall take efforts to adhere to it during normal operating environment. The Bank shall not be held responsible for non-compliance due to force major conditions and other reasons for which the Bank enjoys privilege and right over the code. This code does not in anyway prevent the Bank from exercising its rights and discharging its duties and obligations under law, regulations, agreement, terms and conditions, etc. in force and varied from time to time. Process Of On-Line Marketing through excellent Internal Marketing Practices At American Express Bank Information Collection If the customer is not registered for any online service from American Express, he can browse the Site anonymously. They do not collect personal information such as the customer’s name, address, phone number or e-mail address if you are only browsing this site. American Express does, however, use cookies to collect information about how our site is used. Information, such as the server your computer is logged onto, the customer’s browser type (for example, Netscape or Internet Explorer), and whether the customer responded to an American Express banner ad or e-mail is collected and tracked in aggregate and not linked to you personally. They use this information to measure response rates to banner ads and e-mail offers. Registration for Online Products and Services If the customers want to apply for or take advantage of our online products or services, the Bank will need them to give us some personal information, including their e-mail address and account number. The bank only collect information about the customer, which they need to process application, to service accounts and other needs, to offer new products and services, and to satisfy legal requirements. The Bank will also use this information for purposes such as correspondence, site registration, allowing customers to check your statement or other account details online, to make a purchase, or to participate in online surveys etc. The Bank will also share such information with our affiliates and other for the purposes described elsewhere in this Statement. Quality of Information The Bank uses advanced technology, documented employee procedures and internal monitoring to help ensure that the personal information is accurate and up-to-date. In addition, they require high standards of quality from credit reporting agencies and others who provide us with information about prospective customers or other services. Security Before you can send confidential personal information or account information to us on an American Express Web site, we require that a secure session is set up using Secure Socket Layer (SSL). About SSL and the safety and confidentiality of personal information transmissions over the Internet. They use a range of security processes to protect the confidentiality and security of your personal information CONCLUSION In this section, we attempt to review the important and role of internal marketing in foreign banks of India. Service sector contributes major part of gdp of India. And is one of the most sectors which have too much potential in the sector. There is approx 10% growth in financial sector every year. And hence it’s very important to have continues reforms in that area. India’s leading bank is SBI, there are number of public and private banks too having good market. Still a number of people didn’t want to go on for banks because of fear of all the different technicalities and other factors. It’s in mind of customers that they have to run from 1 place to other without any result and there money in not secure. So now banks are paying more stress in internal marketing. With the liberalization of economy few foreign banks have entered in India and with that new techniques of marketing are growing. This study is to know the internal marketing of foreign banks especially American bank and HSBC. Foreign banks pays quite stress on the internal marketing because in services customer have to deal with employees directly and its quite important to have a proper selection process too. In service sector more than marketing word of mouth plays important role, a satisfied customer will lead to many more customers. And foreign players are quite good in implementing this concept in there work process. Now Indian banks are laso using the concept of internal marketing effectively. Bibliography WEBSITES www.online.citibank.co.in www.hsbc.co.in https://home.americanexpress.com/corp www.db.com www.deutschebank.co.in www.teachermarketing.com www.poolonline.com/archives/iss5fea2.html

Physics Dot Points Prelim

Physics syllabus dot point summary Nathan Kulmar 8. 2. 1. 1 describe the energy transformations required in one of the following: – mobile telephone – fax/modem – radio and television Energy is stored as chemical energy in the phone’s battery. Chemical energy is transformed into electrical energy to operate the phone.The microphone converts sound energy in to electrical energy. Antanna converts electrical to electromagnetic energy to send a siginal. The receiver speaker converts electric energy in to sound energy. 8. 2. 1. 2 describe waves as a transfer of energy disturbance that may occur in one, two or three dimensions, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium The energy from waves may spread out as a disturbance in Dimension- Energy travels in a straight line from the source 2 Dimensions- Energy spreads out in a plane or surface 3 Dimensions- Energy spreads out in to space surrounding the source in all directions 8.2. 1. 3 identify that mechan ical waves require a medium for propagation while electromagnetic waves do not Mechanical waves: require a medium, solid, liquid or gas to transfer energy. Electromagnetic waves: which don’t require a medium for transfer of energy. 8. 2. 1. define and apply the following terms to the wave model: medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, frequency, wavelength, velocity Medium: is what isn’t need for the electromagnetic spectrum to travel. Displacement: the distance from the point of equilibrium to the wave Amplitude: the distance to the point of maximum displacement Period: time taken o complete a single wave length Compression: an area where partials are pushed togetherRarefaction: point where a partial reaches it’s maximum displacement vertically down Crest: the point where a partial reaches it’s maximum displacement vertically up Trough: the point where a partial reaches itâ⠂¬â„¢s maximum displacement vertically down Transverse waves: the direction of travel is at right angles to the oscillation (figure 2) Longitudinal waves: the direction of travel is parallel to the oscillation (figure 1) Frequency: the number of oscillations that pass a point in a second.V. remoteMissilesNight visibility gogglesSoft tissue treatment| Microwaves| Antenna| MobilesSending info. Cooking| Radio waves| Antenna| CommunicationAstronomy| 8. 2. 3. 4 explain that the relationship between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and distance from a source is an example of the inverse square law I? 1d2 The intensity of the electromagnetic radiation is proportional to 1 divided by the distance squared. As the waves travel further from the point of origin they spread out and become less intense. I=k/d2 I=intensity k=constant d= distance 8. 2. 3. outline how the modulation of amplitude or frequency of visible light, microwaves and/or radio waves can be used to transmit informatio n Information is converted into a wave and then placed on a carrier wave. It uses the properties of superposition to place the wave on to the carrier wave. Digital is made up of a series of one’s and zero’s. Digital encoding is made in to binary and are transmitted via light, microwaves, television waves and waves from the electromagnetic spectrum. There are two types of analogue transition one is AM. AM stands for Amplitude Modulation.This works by a using a high frequency carrier wave which has the modulation signal placed on it. Frequency will remain the same but amplitude will change. The other Form is FM. This stands for Frequency Modulation. A wave is frequency is chosen as the carrier wave and the modulation signal is placed on the carrier wave. Amplitude stays the same. 8. 2. 3. 6 discuss problems produced by the limited range of the electromagnetic spectrum available for communication purposes All EMR (electromagnetic radiation) will suffer attenuation (reduct ion in intensity) as they pass through the atmosphere or any other material.As the earth is bombarded with UV radiation from the sun the ionosphere becomes charged. This can cause problems such as ghosting which is a double image on your T. V. screen. Also large portions of EMR are unable to be used because they are too dangerous such as Gamma-rays and X-rays. Ultraviolet and visible are too difficult to produce and encounter too much interference. Near infrared and infrared also have difficult because of impurities in optical fibbers will absorbed the light. Microwaves and T. V. waves require line of sight to be practical. . 2. 4. 1 describe and apply the law of reflection and explain the effect of reflection from a plane surface on waves Electromagnetic waves may be reflected from a plane surface and they must obey the Law of Reflection: Angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection Incident ray, reflected ray and normal must all be in the same plane. 8. 2. 4. 2 describe ways in which applications of reflection of light, radio waves and microwaves have assisted in information transfer Light is used in optical fibbers to transmit data.The light is reflected off the inside of the glass tube and can carry multiple messages at the same time in a single fibber. Radio waves are reflected off the ionosphere to that they can travel a longer distance. Microwaves send transitions to satellites where they are reflected back through the atmosphere to earth. 8. 2. 4. 3 describe one application of reflection Plane surfaces Mirrors. They allow people to look at their bodies without distortion. Concave surfaces Satellite dishes. They focus incoming rays to a single point called the focus and energised the signal at this point. Convex surface Rear vision mirrors.They allow a large field of view in a small area but will give the viewer a false scene of distance Radio waves being reflected by the ionosphere Radio waves are reflected off the ionosphere to provide a greater distance to which a listener can be from the source of the broadcast. 8. 2. 4. 4 explain that refraction is related to the velocities of a wave in different media and outline how this may result in the bending of a wavefront Refraction is the phenomenon where waves appear to bend as the waves pass from one medium to another. If wavefronts strike a boundary at any other angle other than 90 ° than a change of speed will occur.If a wave goes from one medium to another and the speed is lower than it will bend towards the normal. If it goes into a medium where the speed is faster than it will bend away from the normal. The waves bend because the incident ray first strikes the medium it slows down and the rest of the ray continues at the same speed until it makes contact with the medium. It is the wavelength that changes not the frequency. 8. 2. 4. 5 define refractive index in terms of changes in the velocity of a wave in passing from one medium to another The refractive index is the ra tio of the two wave velocities during the efraction. The refractive index is a measure of how much the light bends. 8. 2. 4. 6 define Snell’s Law: V1V2=sin isin r V1 and V2 are the speeds of the waves in wave in the different mediums. Sin i is the angle of incidence and sin r is the angle of reflection. It is the relationship between speed, wavelength and angles of incidence refraction was determined experimentally by Willebrorod Snell and is known as Snell’s law. 8. 2. 4. 7 identify the conditions necessary for total internal reflection with reference to the critical angle If the critical angle is reached than the angle or reflection is 90 °.When the critical angle is exceeded than the light can’t escape and total internal refraction occurs. The light must be travelling from a medium with a higher refractive index to one with a lower refractive index. 8. 2. 4. 8 outline how total internal reflection is used in optical fibres Optical fibres are one application of total internal refraction. They are made of high purity glass, the central region is called the core and the outer region called the cladding. The cladding confines the light to the core and thus must have a lower refractive index than the core.Once information is digitally encoded, at the transmitting end, the signal is converted from electrical energy to light energy and then transmitted along the optical fibre. The information is sent as a series of coded pulses of light. The pulse is either on or off. At the receiving end it is decoded. 8. 2. 5. 1 identify types of communication data that are stored or transmitted in digital form CD ROMs (Compact Disk Read-Only Memory) these discs store data in digitised form as tiny bits. They are read using a low power laser beam. They cannot be edited and are read only.They are fairly slow to read and can only store 8000Mbytes DVD (Digital Versatile Discs) these disks can hole 5 billion bytes of data, thus making possible the storage of m emory consuming movie length video and sound. GPS (Global Positioning Systems) this worldwide system uses a fleet of 24 satellites that transmit signals constantly. A GPS system, few hundred dollars, can interact with the satellite to pinpoint your latitude, longitude and altitude with in 50m. 8. 3. 1. 1 discuss how the main sources of domestic energy have changed over time.The sources of domestic energy have changed rapidly over time: * 50,000 BC: control of fire: cooking and heating * 10,000 BC: domestication of animals: animal power for transport and ploughing. * 3,000 BC: wind and water power: sailing boats and windmills * 1750 AD: burning of coal begins to replace wood. Steam engines, trains, steam, ships. * 1780-1800: scientific investigations of the properties of electricity. Conflicting theories, scientific curiosity small amounts of energy in batteries. * 1830’s: discover how to generate electricity using a â€Å"dynamo† (generator).Still used in scientific la bs. * 1880-1910: a flood of inventions such as the light bulb, telephone, gramophone and radio were create with electricity. * 1950- : all industrialized nations had become totally converted to electricity for domestic power. 8. 3. 1. 2 assess some of the impacts of changes in, and increased access to, sources of energy for a community Some impacts of charges in sources of energy are: * The use of coal has had a particularly large impact on our society. * Coal burns hot fires to make steel and other metals. Steel major factor that lead to the industrial revolution. * Coal lead to the development of the steam engine. * Pollution and global warming was created. 8. 3. 1. 3 discuss some of the ways in which electricity can be provided in remote locations Use small generators that rotate a coil by a petrol or oil motor. Solar cells and wind generators are also used to convert sunlight and wind into electricity. 8. 3. 2. 1 describe the behaviour of electrostatic charges and the properties of the fields associated with them * Two types of charges positive and negative Charges go away from positive, charges go towards negative * An electrostatic charge is a charge due to an excess or deficiency of electrons. * A body with equal number of protons and electrons will be neutral. * Body has an excess of electron is negatively charged. 8. 3. 2. 2 define the unit of electric charge as the coulomb Electric charge is measured in coulombs the coulomb (c) is the SI unit of electric charge. 1 coulomb = 1c = 6. 25 x10^18 charge = 1. 6 x10^19 charge 8. 3. 2. 3 define the electric field as a field of force with a field strength equal to the force per unit charge at that point: E=FqE = magnitude of electric field (NC-1) Newton per coulomb q = charge (C) coulombs F = force (N) Newton 8. 3. 2. 4 define electric current as the rate at which charge flows (coulombs/ second or amperes) under the influence of an electric field Current is the rate at which charge flows (Csec. or Amperes) un der the influence of an electric field. I= QT I = current Q= charge (coulombs) T= time (sec) 8. 3. 2. 5 identify that current can be either direct with the net flow of charge carriers moving in one direction or alternating with the charge carriers moving backwards and forwards periodically DC = direct currentCharge moves in one direction Direct positive to negative movement AC = alternating current Charge moves back and forth periodically. Directions changes 50 times per second. 8. 3. 2. 6 describe electric potential difference (voltage) between two points as the change in potential energy per unit charge moving from one point to the other (joules/coulomb or volts) Electric potential difference (Voltage) between two points is the change in potential energy per unit charge moving from one point to another (joules/coulomb or Volts). . 3. 2. 7 discuss how potential difference changes between different points around a DC circuit Potential difference can vary at different points around a circuit for example there will be different voltage drops across various resistors, light globes and rheostats which would be different to the voltage rise across the power pack. 8. 3. 2. 8 identify the difference between conductors and insulators Insulators will not allow electricity to flow through them because they have a very high resistance.Conductors have a very low resistance and therefore will allow current to flow through them. 8. 3. 2. 9 define resistance as the ratio of voltage to current for a particular conductor: V=IR V= Voltage I= Current in amps R= Resistance in ohms 8. 3. 2. 10 describe qualitatively how each of the following affects the movement of electricity through a conductor: Length: Resistance is proportional to length; the longer a conductor the greater the resistance Cross sectional area: larger the cross-section the lower the resistance.Temperature: temperature increases ions vibrate increasing resistance. Material: material of a conductor influences resi stance; copper is commonly used for household wiring, gold or silver used when minimal resistance required. 8. 3. 3. 1 identify the difference between series and parallel circuits Series: * There is only one current pathway. * Current is the same throughout the whole circuit * If a series circuit is broken at any point then the electricity cannot flow through it. * Current remains constant and voltage varies (VT=V1+V2+V3).Parallel: * There is more then one current pathway. * All components have the same potential difference across them * In parallel, voltage remains constant and current varies (IT=I1+I2+I3). 8. 3. 3. 2 compare parallel and series circuits in terms of voltage across components and current through them Parallel| Series| VT= V1 = V2 = V3| VT= V1 + V2 + V3| IT=I1 + I2 + I3| IT=I1 = I2 = I3| 8. 3. 3. 3 identify uses of ammeters and voltmeters Ammeters measure the flow of electrons through a point in the circuit.Voltmeters measure the potential difference between two poin ts. 8. 3. 3. 4 explain why ammeters and voltmeters are connected differently in a circuit Ammeter: cannot change the current being measured, must have minimum resistance, current must flow through the ammeter, MUST BE PLACED IN SERIES Voltmeter: measure the penitential difference (voltage) between two points in a circuit, PLACED IN PARALLEL CURCUITS, important that voltmeter has high resistance so that there is not affect on the circuit. 8. 3. 3. explain why there are different circuits for lighting, heating and other appliances in a house In a house there are separate circuits for lighting, heating and other appliances so that appliances that require large amounts of current can still function without over-loading the circuit. If everything was on one circuit there would be too much current used and the wires would become hot and potentially cause a fire. 8. 3. 4. 1 explain that power is the rate at which energy is transformed from one form to another Power is defined as the rate a t which energy is transformed from one form to another. watt=1 W=1J/s 1kW=1000watts P=ET Power ((Joules = watts (W)) = Energy (J) / time (s) 8. 3. 4. 2 identify the relationship between power, potential difference and current Power is the number of joules per second (watts), for every current (I in Amps), Voltage (v in volts) are dissipated. P=VI Power (Watts) = Voltage (V) x Current (A) 8. 3. 4. 3 identify that the total amount of energy used depends on the length of time the current is flowing and can be calculated using: Energy=VIt Electrical energy (joules) = Voltage (volts) x Current (amps) x Time (sec) P=VIPower (Watts) = Voltage (V) x Current (A) P=ET Power ((Joules = watts (W)) = Energy (J) / time (s) 8. 3. 4. 4 explain why the kilowatt-hour is used to measure electrical energy consumption rather than the joule 1kW. h is the energy used by a 1 kW appliance operating for 1 hour. Measuring in joule is a big inconvenient because 1 joule is a very tiny amount of energy. 8. 3. 5. 1 describe the behaviour of the magnetic poles of bar magnets when they are brought close together Magnets have 2 different poles north and south. They can either be attract or repel each other.Opposite poles attract, same poles repel. 8. 3. 5. 2 define the direction of the magnetic field at a point as the direction of force on a very small north magnetic pole when placed at that point The direction of a magnetic field is the direction of force on a very small magnetic north pole placed in the field. The currents from the north pole more towards to the south pole. 8. 3. 5. 3 describe the magnetic field around pairs of magnetic poles Field lines come out of the North and into the south. Field lines never cross. The magnitude of the field is indicated by the density of the field lines. . 3. 5. 4 describe the production of a magnetic field by an electric current in a straight current-carrying conductor and describe how the right hand grip rule can determine the direction of current an d field lines The direction of the magnetic field is described by the right hand rule. Right hand grip rule: Grip wire with right hand, thumb pointing in direction of conventional current, fingers will curl around in the direction of the magnetic field. 8. 3. 5. 5 compare the nature and generation of magnetic fields by solenoids and a bar magnet * A solenoid is a coil of wire. When a current flows in the solenoid it produces a magnetic field around the coil which is similar to that of a bar magnet. * In a solenoid the field continues through the middle as parallel lines. * The direction of the magnetic field inside a solenoid is given by the right hand rule. 8. 3. 6. 1 discuss the dangers of an electric shock from both a 240 volt AC mains supply and various DC voltages, from appliances, on the muscles of the body * The neuromuscular system runs on the movement of electrical changes. An electric current through the body has the effect to disrupt its normal function. A typical respons e of your body’s muscles to an electric shock would be: * Muscles contract so you won’t be able to let go. * Muscles controlling the diaphragm cause it to clamp (can’t breathe) * Heart muscle goes into fibrillation (stops effective beating till heart stops altogether) * Death * Human bodies can withstand ten times as much DC current as AC, AC operates on frequency (50-60 Hz) which is the same frequency our heart operates making AC significantly more lethal than DC. 50-100 mA are the lethal limits for electric shock. 8. 3. 6. describe the functions of circuit breakers, fuses, earthing, double insulation and other safety devices in the home Circuit breakers: they use an electromagnet to mechanically break the circuit. Once the current exceeds the maximum value. Fuses: they prevent overloading of circuits. They are made of a metal with a low melting point. They melt when the current through the circuit exceeds the wiring. They are usually contained in high melting point materials to avoid fires. Earthing: they protect from shock. If an appliance has any metal exposes than it will have the outer cover earthed to protect shock.It works on the bases that there is less resistance through the wire rather than through a person. Double insulation: house hold wiring must be covered by an insulator. Usually made of plastic ((polyvinylchloride, (PVC)) many have double insulating in case the inner insulation melts when the metal gets to hot. 8. 4. 1. 1 identify that a typical journey involves speed changes In a typical car journey, a car may travel at different speeds, accelerate and decelerate, changes direction and stops therefore although there is an average speed for the entire journey, the vehicle does not travel at a constant speed. . 4. 1. 2 distinguish between scalar and vector quantities in equations Scalar quantities are those that specify size (magnitude), but not direction. Vector quantities are defined by both size (magnitude) and direction . Vectors| Scalar| Force| Mass| Velocity| Speed| Displacement| Distance| Acceleration| Work| Momentum| Energy| Magnetic Fields| Power| Electric Fields| Time| 8. 4. 1. 3 compare instantaneous and average speed with instantaneous and average velocity Average Speed = Distance/Total Time Instantaneous Speed is the speed of an object at a particular instant of time.Velocity (v) is the time rate of change of the displacement. It is a vector; it requires both size and direction. It is speed with a direction. Displacement (s) is distance in a given direction. Instantaneous velocity is the velocity at a particular instant, the speed and the direction. Average Velocity is displacement/time. 8. 4. 1. 4 define average velocity as: vav= ? r? t r = s = displacement. Average velocity= change in displacement/ change in time. 8. 4. 2. 1 describe the motion of one body relative to another Motion occurs when an object changes its position relative to other or some co-ordinate system (a frame of refere nce).If a change in direction occurs thorough vector qualities, must be dealt with as vectors. 8. 4. 2. 2 identify the usefulness of using vector diagrams to assist solving problems Vectors qualities have magnitude and direction. Adding Vectors Draw the first vector. Draw the second vector starting from the end of the first. The resultant vector is the line joining the beginning of the first vector to the end of the second. 6km 8km 10km a 6km 8km 10km a Subtracting Vectors V1 – V2 = Change in VChange V = V (f) – V (i) V1 -V2 V1 – V2 V1 -V2 V1 – V2 Change = Final – Initial Change V 8-(-10) = 18 -10m/s 8m/s -10m/s m/s 8. 4. 2. 3 explain the need for a net external force to act in order to change the velocity of an object Forces can internal or external to a system but only the external forces can affect the motion of the system. Net force = sum of all forces. Change in velocity the object must accelerate. An object will remain in constant motion (res t or 0 velocity) unless an unbalanced force acts on the object. To accelerate there must be an outside force acting (Newton’s 1st law). Newton’s first law states that: A body continues in its state of rest or uniform velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. . 4. 2. 4 describe the actions that must be taken for a vehicle to change direction, speed up and slow down Acceleration is defined as the time rate of change of velocity. Acceleration refers to: Speeding Up: this can be done by using the accelerator Slowing Down: this can be done by using the cars brakes Changing Direction: Using the steering wheel 8. 4. 2. 5 describe the typical effects of external forces on bodies including: Friction between surfaces Air resistance There are a number of external forces working on a car and these include: Friction with the Road Air Resistance The weight of the carFriction is a force that we encounter everyday in everything we do. Friction is a force that always opposes m otion. Friction arises when two different materials are in contact with each other. The tires make contact with the road surface and as a result there is friction. This means that the vehicle has traction and does not simply slide. Air Resistance is a form of Friction. As a vehicle moves through the air the two materials, the vehicles body and the air, move past each other. Air resistance limits the speed of the vehicle but it can be minimized by designing a vehicle so that it is aerodynamically shaped. . 4. 2. 6 define average acceleration as: vav= ? r? t therefore vav=v-ut Acceleration is a change in velocity over a certain time period. It can be positive or negative. v= final velocity, u= initial velocity, t= time taken 8. 4. 2. 7 define the terms ‘mass’ and ‘weight’ with reference to the effects of gravity Mass: Is the measure of the amount of matter in an object Measure of inertia (resistance to acceleration) Independent or the effects of gravity Measu red in grams. Weight Is the force of gravity on an object. On earth weight is the mass x 9. 8 Dependent on the amount of massMeasure of the gravity and force on an object Measured in Newton’s. 8. 4. 2. 8 outline the forces involved in causing a change in the velocity of a vehicle when: Coasting with no pressure on the accelerator Friction with the Road Air Resistance Force Pushing car along Pressing on the accelerator The driver is supplying more fuel to the engine. This allows the engine to apply a greater force on the wheels and hence make the car speed up. Velocity and acceleration acting in the same direction. Pressing on the brakes Increasing the friction between the brake pads and the metal discs making it harder for the wheels to turn.Velocity and Acceleration acting in different directions. Passing over an icy patch on the road There is less friction and the wheels can’t get as much grip so they may slide. The car will move at a constant velocity until acted up on by an external force. Climbing and descending hills Friction Air Resistance The cars weight causes it to slow down when going up the hill and speed up when going down the hill Following a curve in the road Centripetal force is causing the car to accelerate as the velocity is changing owing to the change in direction. 8. 4. 2. interpret Newton’s Second Law of Motion and relate it to the equation: F=ma F= Force in Newtons m= mass a= acceleration 8. 4. 2. 10 identify the net force in a wide variety of situations involving modes of transport and explain the consequences of the application of that net force in terms of Newton’s Second Law of Motion The acceleration of an object is proportional to the unbalanced force acting on it and is inversely proportional to the mass. The consequences of net external force acting on a model of transport are acceleration, deceleration and a change of direction in motion.Centripetal force (circular motion) The force causing the turning is always towards the centre of the circle. Force (centripetal) = mv^2/ R R=radius, V= instantaneous velocity, M= mass 8. 4. 3. 1 identify that a moving object possesses kinetic energy and that work done on that object can increase that energy Kinetic Energy is the energy an object possesses because it is moving. Kinetic energy is dependent on the mass and the square of the velocity of the body as indicated by: KE=12mv2 E= kinetic energy (joules) M=mass of the object (kg) V=velocity (m/s)Work (W) is done when a force (F) is moved through a distance (s). Work is the product of a force and the distance moved in the direction of that force. W=Fs. Work transfers energy through the motion of a force. When work is done, energy is required. W = Change in Kinetic energy 8. 4. 3. 2 describe the energy transformations that occur in collisions In collisions objects exert forces on each other. Collisions can be either: Elastic Non-Elastic Elastic Collisions If in a collision, kinetic energy is conserved, the collision is said to be elastic.An example would be when Gas molecules collide with each other and with the walls of their container as kinetic energy is not decreased. Inelastic Collisions In inelastic collisions, kinetic energy is not conserved. Some of the Kinetic energy is transformed into other forms of energy such as heat and sound. If the colliding parts stick together, the collision is inelastic 8. 4. 3. 3 define the law of conservation of energy In all types of interactions, both elastic and inelastic, total energy is conserved. Energy cannot be destroyed only can be changed from one form to another. . 4. 4. 1 define momentum as: p=mv Momentum= mass (kg) x velocity (m/s) Unit of momentum= kilogram-meter/sec To stop a moving object, forces must be applied and the forces relate to two factors, the mass of the object and the velocity of the object. The time rate of change of momentum is proportional to the resultant force and acts in the direction of the force. Always conserved Vector quantity 8. 4. 4. 2 define impulse as the product of force and time Impulse = F (force) x t (time) Impulse = change in momentum Impulse = Ft = mv – mu mv = final momentum u = initial momentum The unit of Impulse is N. s which is the same as the Unit of momentum= kilogram-meter/sec (kg. m/sec) 8. 4. 4. 3 explain why momentum is conserved in collisions in terms of Newton’s Third Law of motion Force (action) = Force (reaction) Conservation of Momentum The total momentum of a system is always the same unless the system on by some external force. P (before) = P (after) m1u1+m2u2= m1v1+m2v2 This equation shows that: the vector sum of the momentum of the objects before collision equals the vector sum of the momentum after collision.Momentum is conserved only in isolated systems (those free from external forces). The Law of the Conservation of Momentum can be stated as: In interactions between objects, momentum is conserved in an isolated system. 8. 4. 5. 1 define the inertia of a vehicle as its tendency to remain in uniform motion or at rest Newton’s 1st law: Inertia: â€Å"Tendency of any object to resist any change in motion. † E. g. when a car stops suddenly, the objects and people in the car remain in the current motion unless acted upon by an external force such as a seatbelt. 8. 4. 5. discuss reasons why Newton’s First Law of Motion is not apparent in many real world situations Common experience is not apparent in Real World Situations as the driver of a car still needs to depress the accelerator to move at a constant rate because of friction between the car and the road. 8. 4. 5. 3 assess the reasons for the introduction of low speed zones in built-up areas and the addition of air bags and crumple zones to vehicles with respect to the concepts of impulse and momentum Introduced low speed zones into built areas to reduce the speed of drivers as the faster you are moving the more damage you do in a coll ision.Crumple Zones were introduced so that the front and rear end of the car should crumple in a collision which increases the time it takes for the car to come to rest so the forces are lessened. Air Bags were introduced which provide a cushion and takes the impact out of a collision. 8. 4. 5. 4 evaluate the effectiveness of some safety features of motor vehicles Seat Belts They are effective in limiting the effect of inertia when a vehicle breaks suddenly. It absorbs a lot of the force of a collision. Airbags Air Bags were introduced which provide a cushion and takes the impact out of a collision.Crumple Zones Crumple Zones were introduced so that the front and rear end of the car should crumple in a collision which increases the time it takes for the car to come to rest so the forces are lessened. 8. 5. 1. 1 outline the historical development of models of the Universe from the time of Aristotle to the time of Newton Plato| planets move in spherical orbits around the earth (geoce ntric) | Eudoxus| maintained Plato’s concepts of spherical motions, complex arrangements of circular motions| Aristotle| developed Eudoxus model to 53 spheres. |Aristarchus| The sun is in the centre (heliocentric) with everything orbiting around it and epicycle moments to explain planetary movements; Earth must rotate on its axis, so it appears that everything moves around us. | Ptolemy| believed in geocentric universe, stars existed on a sphere which rotated every 24 hours, earth is a sphere and at rest, motion of sun and plants moved in perfect circles. | Copernicus| heliocentric universe, sun was the centre and planets orbited the sun in fixed circular motions, earth traveled around the sun in 1 year and spins on its axis every 24 hours. Galileo| first to use a telescope, supported the heliocentric idea of Copernicus, worked on gravitational theory disproved Aristotle concepts of the motion. | Sir Isaac Newton| from work on motion realized that a forcer must be acting on a n object such as the moon, law of universal gravitation, this explain where things stayed in orbit, since the time of Newton the heliocentric model was accepted. | 8. 5. 2. 1 outline the discovery of the expansion of the Universe by Hubble, following its earlier prediction by Friedmann Alexander Friedman predicted that the universe was expanding.The predictions rose from calculations based on Einstein’s, general theory of relativity. Edwin Hubble designed a new and a bigger telescope that leads to the discovery of the red shift proving that the universe is expanding. A red shift corresponds to a shift to the lower frequency (longer wavelength). This indicates that the light source, the galaxy is moving away from us. All galaxies show this effect indicating that the universe is expanding. 8. 5. 2. 2 describe the transformation of radiation into matter which followed the ‘Big Bang’ After the temperature had dropped enough.The energy began to be converted in to matt er. Hydrogen atoms formed from protons and electrons. 8. 5. 2. 3 identify that Einstein described the equivalence of energy and mass E=mc2 E= energy (Joules) m= mass (kg) c= speed of light (3 x 108 ms-1) 8. 5. 2. 4 outline how the accretion of galaxies and stars occurred through: Expansion and cooling of the Universe The cooling of the universe allowed the formation of matter. This began to overwhelm the radiation Subsequent loss of particle kinetic energyAs the temperature fell this resulted in a loss of kinetic energy (as temperature is the measure of average kinetic energy of the particles) Gravitational attraction between particles Loss in Kinetic energy meant that the increased gravitational force between particles took effect Lumpiness of the gas cloud that then allows gravitational collapse The greater density of areas of the gas clouds allowed gravity to begin 8. 5. 3. 1 define the relationship between the temperature of a body and the dominant wavelength of the radiation em itted from that body The hotter the star the shorter the wave length.Hot star: short wave length, more energy. Cold star: long wave length, less energy 8. 5. 3. 2 identify that the surface temperature of a star is related to its colour Red | Long wavelength| Orange| | Yellow | | White blue- white| Short wavelength| The hotter the star gets the more it will shift towards the blue end of the spectrum and thus the shorter the wavelength. 8. 5. 3. 3 describe a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram as the graph of a star’s luminosity against its colour or surface temperature In the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram a stars surface temperature and luminosity (brightness) are plotted against each other.This is because there is a relationship between the two. 8. 5. 3. 4 identify energy sources characteristic of each star group, including Main Sequence, red giants, and white dwarfs Star group| Fuel| Characteristics| Main sequence| H then He| They are from the top left of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagr am to the bottom right. This shows a trend of hot and bright to cold and dull| Red giants| H then He| In the upper right corner of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and are bright but cold| White dwarfs| C and O ions| Bottom left of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. They are very hot but dim and small. 8. 5. 4. 1 identify that energy may be released from the nuclei of atoms Light atoms like H will fuse together at extreme temperatures to for stable atoms. This produces energy. Uranium on the other hand has very unstable nuclei and will break down by emitting energy or partials randomly. That may be in the form of ? , ? or gamma rays. 8. 5. 4. 2 describe the nature of emissions from the nuclei of atoms as radiation of alpha ? and beta ? particles and gamma ? rays in terms of: ionising power penetrating power effect of magnetic field effect of electric fieldRadiation| Ionizing power| Penetrating Power| Effect of Magnetic Field| Effect of Electric Field| Alpha Particle| Very high Strong| Low a few cm in the air| Affected according to right hand palm rule| Limited – very small| Beta Particle| Less than AlphaWeak| Higher than Alpha thin sheets of lead| Large| Large| Gamma Ray| Less than BetaVery Weak| Very High Several cm of lead| Zero| Zero| 8. 5. 4. 3 identify the nature of emissions reaching the Earth from the Sun Solar wind consists of a stream of ionised particles, mostly protons and electrons that flow from the sun in all directions at speeds of about 400 km. -1. The source of the wind is the sun’s hot corona – the outer atmosphere of the sun extending a distance of a few solar radii into space. Most of the corona consists of vast arches of hot gas – solar flares – that are millions of kilometres in length and are caused by the sun’s magnetic field. The Solar wind comes from regions called coronal holes, regions of cooler, less dense gas. As the sun rotates there is a periodic variation in Solar wind activity every 27 da ys. The Solar wind is responsible for pushing the tail of comets away from the sun. 8. 5. 4. 4 describe the particulate nature of solar windSunspot cycle is a pattern of increasing and decreasing sunspots. Sun spots are a dark spot on the sun with lower temperatures and intense magnetic activity. Cycle is between 7-13 years. Two types of emission reaching Earth from the sun: electromagnetic radiation and solar winds. Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field shelters as from theses emissions. The sunspots themselves last for several days although larger ones may last up to a few weeks. The number of particles and their velocity increases following sunspot activity and solar flares meaning that the solar wind is greater in the time of maximum sunspots. . 5. 4. 5 describe sunspots as representing regions of strong magnetic activity and lower temperature Sunspots are relatively cool areas (~4500K), with magnetic field strengths some thousands of times stronger than the Earth’ s magnetic field, that appear as dark imperfections in the photosphere. They result from the penetration of magnetic field lines through the photosphere and are ~8000km across. Except for the smaller ones, all sunspots have a dark inner region – the umbra – where the magnetic field is strongest surrounded by a less dark region – the penumbra – where the magnetic field is weakest.